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It is also sometimes called a solid-state disk , [1] although SSDs do not have physical disks. SSDs can use traditional hard disk drive HDD interfaces and form factors, or newer form factors and interfaces that have been developed to address specific advantages of the flash memory technology used in SSDs. Traditional interfaces e. SSDs have no moving mechanical components. NAND is non-volatile memory , which retains data even when power is removed.

For applications requiring fast access but not necessarily data persistence after power loss, SSDs may be constructed from random-access memory RAM. Such devices may employ batteries as integrated power sources to retain data for a certain amount of time after external power is lost. However, all SSDs still store data in electrical charges, which slowly leak over time if left without power.

The only exception to this rule are SSDs based on 3D XPoint memory sold by Intel under the Optane brand , which stores data not by storing electrical charges in cells, but by changing the electrical resistance of the cells. An early if not first semiconductor storage device compatible with a hard drive interface e. The STC , a plug-compatible replacement for the IBM fixed head disk drive, initially used charged coupled devices for storage and consequently was reported to be seven times faster than the IBM product at about half the price.

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In , M-Systems introduced flash-based solid-state drives [16] as HDD replacements for the military and aerospace industries, as well as for other mission-critical applications. These applications require the SSD's ability to withstand extreme shock, vibration and temperature ranges.

Samsung also launches to market a In , the first products with 3D Xpoint memory are released. In , both Samsung and Toshiba introduce to market Samsung introduced an m. The term was first used by EMC in January , to help them identify SSD manufacturers who would provide products meeting these higher standards. The key components of an SSD are the controller and the memory to store the data.

The controller is an embedded processor that executes firmware-level code and is one of the most important factors of SSD performance. When multiple NAND devices operate in parallel inside an SSD, the bandwidth scales, and the high latencies can be hidden, as long as enough outstanding operations are pending and the load is evenly distributed between devices. This process may result in less writing and higher logical throughput, depending on the compressibility of the data.

If a particular block was programmed and erased repeatedly without writing to any other blocks, that block would wear out before all the other blocks — thereby prematurely ending the life of the SSD. For this reason, SSD controllers use a technique called wear leveling to distribute writes as evenly as possible across all the flash blocks in the SSD.

In a perfect scenario, this would enable every block to be written to its maximum life so they all fail at the same time. Unfortunately, the process to evenly distribute writes requires data previously written and not changing cold data to be moved, so that data which are changing more frequently hot data can be written into those blocks. Each time data are relocated without being changed by the host system, this increases the write amplification and thus reduces the life of the flash memory. The key is to find an optimum algorithm which maximizes them both. Most SSD manufacturers use non-volatile NAND flash memory in the construction of their SSDs because of the lower cost compared with DRAM and the ability to retain the data without a constant power supply, ensuring data persistence through sudden power outages.

This problem was resolved by controllers that came out in and later. Flash memory-based solutions are typically packaged in standard disk drive form factors 1. If power is lost, the battery provides power while all information is copied from random access memory RAM to back-up storage. When the power is restored, the information is copied back to the RAM from the back-up storage, and the SSD resumes normal operation similar to the hibernate function used in modern operating systems.

SSDs of this type are usually fitted with DRAM modules of the same type used in regular PCs and servers, which can be swapped out and replaced by larger modules. A remote, indirect memory-access disk RIndMA Disk uses a secondary computer with a fast network or direct Infiniband connection to act like a RAM-based SSD, but the new, faster, flash-memory based, SSDs already available in are making this option not as cost effective.

Drives known as hybrid drives or solid-state hybrid drives SSHDs use a hybrid of spinning disks and flash memory. A directory of block placement and wear leveling data is also kept in the cache while the drive is operating. Another component in higher-performing SSDs is a capacitor or some form of battery, which are necessary to maintain data integrity so the data in the cache can be flushed to the drive when power is lost; some may even hold power long enough to maintain data in the cache until power is resumed.

The result is that data written previously and presumed safe can be corrupted if the memory is not supported by a supercapacitor in the event of a sudden power loss. This problem does not exist with SLC flash memory. Most consumer-class SSDs do not have built-in batteries or capacitors; [78] among the exceptions are the Crucial M and MX series, [79] the Intel series, [80] and the more expensive Intel and series. The host interface is physically a connector with the signalling managed by the SSD's controller.

It is most often one of the interfaces found in HDDs. They include:. Logical device interfaces define the command sets used by operating systems to communicate with SSDs and host bus adapters HBAs. The size and shape of any device is largely driven by the size and shape of the components used to make that device. Traditional HDDs and optical drives are designed around the rotating platter s or optical disc along with the spindle motor inside. If an SSD is made up of various interconnected integrated circuits ICs and an interface connector, then its shape is no longer limited to the shape of rotating media drives.

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Some solid state storage solutions come in a larger chassis that may even be a rack-mount form factor with numerous SSDs inside. They would all connect to a common bus inside the chassis and connect outside the box with a single connector. For general computer use, the 2. For desktop computers with 3. Other types of form factors are more common in enterprise applications. An SSD can also be completely integrated in the other circuitry of the device, as in the Apple MacBook Air starting with the fall model.

The benefit of using a current HDD form factor would be to take advantage of the extensive infrastructure already in place to mount and connect the drives to the host system. For applications where space is at premium, like for ultrabooks or tablet computers , a few compact form factors were standardized for flash-based SSDs. It remains electrically compatible with the PCI Express Mini Card interface specification, while requiring an additional connection to the SATA host controller through the same connector. The M. DOM devices emulate a traditional hard disk drive, resulting in no need for special drivers or other specific operating system support.

DOMs are usually used in embedded systems , which are often deployed in harsh environments where mechanical HDDs would simply fail, or in thin clients because of small size, low power consumption and silent operation. Many of the DRAM-based solutions use a box that is often designed to fit in a rack-mount system. The number of DRAM components required to get sufficient capacity to store the data along with the backup power supplies requires a larger space than traditional HDD form factors. Form factors which were more common to memory modules are now being used by SSDs to take advantage of their flexibility in laying out the components.

The result is an easy-to-install SSD with a capacity equal to drives that typically take a full 2. The main benefits of BGA SSDs are their low power consumption, small chip package size to fit into compact subsystems, and that they can be soldered directly onto a system motherboard to reduce adverse effects from vibration and shock.

Traditional SSD benchmarks tend to focus on the performance characteristics that are poor with HDDs, such as rotational latency and seek time. However, SSDs have challenges with mixed reads and writes, and their performance may degrade over time. SSD testing must start from the in use full drive, as the new and empty fresh, out-of-the-box drive may have much better write performance than it would show after only weeks of use.

Most of the advantages of solid-state drives over traditional hard drives are due to their ability to access data completely electronically instead of electromechanically, resulting in superior transfer speeds and mechanical ruggedness. Enterprise flash devices EFDs are designed to handle the demands of tier-1 application with performance and response times similar to less-expensive SSDs. In traditional HDDs, a re-written file will generally occupy the same location on the disk surface as the original file, whereas in SSDs the new copy will often be written to different NAND cells for the purpose of wear leveling.

The wear-leveling algorithms are complex and difficult to test exhaustively; as a result, one major cause of data loss in SSDs is firmware bugs. The following table shows a detailed overview of the advantages and disadvantages of both technologies. Comparisons reflect typical characteristics, and may not hold for a specific device. Each block of a flash-based SSD can only be erased and therefore written a limited number of times before it fails. The controllers manage this limitation so that drives can last for many years under normal use. However the failure of a controller can make a SSD unusable.

The storage medium itself magnetic platter does not essentially degrade from read and write operations. According to a study performed by Carnegie Mellon University for both consumer and enterprise-grade HDDs, their average failure rate is 6 years, and life expectancy is 9—11 years.

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When stored offline unpowered in shelf in long term, the magnetic medium of HDD retains data significantly longer than flash memory used in SSDs. SSDs suffer from a write performance degradation phenomenon called write amplification , where the NAND cells show a measurable drop in performance, and will continue degrading throughout the life of the SSD. While both memory cards and most SSDs use flash memory, they serve very different markets and purposes.

Each has a number of different attributes which are optimized and adjusted to best meet the needs of particular users. Some of these characteristics include power consumption, performance, size, and reliability. SSDs were originally designed for use in a computer system. The first units were intended to replace or augment hard disk drives, so the operating system recognized them as a hard drive.

Originally, solid state drives were even shaped and mounted in the computer like hard drives. Later SSDs became smaller and more compact, eventually developing their own unique form factors such as the M. The SSD was designed to be installed permanently inside a computer. In contrast, memory cards such as Secure Digital SD , CompactFlash CF , and many others were originally designed for digital cameras and later found their way into cell phones, gaming devices, GPS units, etc.

Most memory cards are physically smaller than SSDs, and designed to be inserted and removed repeatedly. SSDs have very different failure modes than traditional magnetic hard drives. Because of their design, some kinds of failure are inapplicable motors or magnetic heads cannot fail, because they are not needed in an SSD. Instead, other kinds of failure are possible for example, incomplete or failed writes due to sudden power failure can be more of a problem than with HDDs, and if a chip fails then all the data on it is lost, a scenario not applicable to magnetic drives.

However, on the whole statistics show that SSDs are generally highly reliable, and often continue working far beyond the expected lifetime as stated by their manufacturer. An early test by Techreport. It also contained a number of "unexpected conclusions". Solid state drives have set new challenges for data recovery companies, as the way of storing data is non-linear and much more complex than that of hard disk drives. The strategy the drive operates by internally can largely vary between manufacturers, and the TRIM command zeroes the whole range of a deleted file.

Wear leveling also means that the physical address of the data and the address exposed to the operating system are different. A program such as hdparm can be used for this purpose. Until [ why? Since flash memory has become a common component of SSDs, the falling prices and increased densities have made it more cost-effective for many other applications.

Organizations that can benefit from faster access of system data include equity trading companies, telecommunication corporations, and streaming media and video editing firms. The list of applications which could benefit from faster storage is vast. Flash-based solid-state drives can be used to create network appliances from general-purpose personal computer hardware. A write protected flash drive containing the operating system and application software can substitute for larger, less reliable disk drives or CD-ROMs. Appliances built this way can provide an inexpensive alternative to expensive router and firewall hardware.

Combined with a cloud computing environment or other writable medium, to maintain persistence , an OS booted from a write-locked SD card is robust, rugged, reliable, and impervious to permanent corruption. If the running OS degrades, simply turning the machine off and then on returns it back to its initial uncorrupted state and thus is particularly solid. The SD card installed OS does not require removal of corrupted components since it was write-locked though any written media may need to be restored. In , Intel introduced a caching mechanism for their Z68 chipset and mobile derivatives called Smart Response Technology , which allows a SATA SSD to be used as a cache configurable as write-through or write-back for a conventional, magnetic hard disk drive.

Solid-state hybrid drives SSHDs are based on the same principle, but integrate some amount of flash memory on board of a conventional drive instead of using a separate SSD. The flash layer in these drives can be accessed independently from the magnetic storage by the host using ATA-8 commands, allowing the operating system to manage it.

For example, Microsoft's ReadyDrive technology explicitly stores portions of the hibernation file in the cache of these drives when the system hibernates, making the subsequent resume faster. Dual-drive hybrid systems are combining the usage of separate SSD and HDD devices installed in the same computer, with overall performance optimization managed by the computer user, or by the computer's operating system software. Typically the same file systems used on hard disk drives can also be used on solid state drives. This means that file system does not need to manage wear leveling or other flash memory characteristics, as they are handled internally by the SSD.

Some flash file systems using log-based designs F2FS , JFFS2 help to reduce write amplification on SSDs, especially in situations where only very small amounts of data are changed, such as when updating file system metadata. While not a file system feature, operating systems should also aim to align partitions correctly, which avoids excessive read-modify-write cycles. Modern operating system installation software and disk tools handle this automatically.

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As of November , ext4 can be recommended as a safe choice. Kernel support for the TRIM operation was introduced in version 2. Linux swap partitions are by default performing discard operations when the underlying drive supports TRIM, with the possibility to turn them off, or to select between one-time or continuous discard operations. An alternative to the kernel-level TRIM operation is to use a user-space utility called fstrim that goes through all of the unused blocks in a filesystem and dispatches TRIM commands for those areas.

Since , standard Linux drive utilities have taken care of appropriate partition alignment by default. A scalable block layer for high-performance SSD storage, known as blk-multiqueue or blk-mq and developed primarily by Fusion-io engineers, was merged into the Linux kernel mainline in kernel version 3. As of version 4.

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Versions of Microsoft Windows prior to 7 do not take any special measures to support solid state drives. This can be useful in situations where data recovery is preferred over wear leveling in most cases, TRIM irreversibly resets all freed space. Windows implements TRIM command for more than just file delete operations. The TRIM operation is fully integrated with partition- and volume-level commands like format and delete , with file system commands relating to truncate and compression, and with the System Restore also known as Volume Snapshot feature.

If this maximum is reached, subsequent attempts to write to the drive will fail with an error message. Windows 7 also includes support for the TRIM command to reduce garbage collection for data which the operating system has already determined is no longer valid. Windows Vista generally expects hard disk drives rather than SSDs.

The Superfetch feature will not materially improve the performance of the system and causes additional overhead in the system and SSD, although it does not cause wear. Solaris as of version 10 Update 6 released in October , and recent [ when? This is used every time a synchronous write to the drive occurs. When used either alone or in combination, large increases in performance are generally seen.

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There is a low-priority thread that TRIMs ranges when the time comes. The following are noted standardization organizations and bodies that work to create standards for solid-state drives and other computer storage devices. The table below also includes organizations which promote the use of solid-state drives. This is not necessarily an exhaustive list. Det er egentlig utrolig enkelt og gir et godt resultat.

Etter ca 1 uke ble ny vare mottatt. Fungerer som bare det. Skiftet med en jeg hadde selv og bilde kom med en gang. Den defekte kabelen lar jeg ikke trekke ned inntrykket. Bestilling gikk greit etter at jeg hadde sett demoen. I tillegg blir lyden helt feil. Filmen hakker mens lyden fortsetter i samme tempo.

Etter 10 minutt ligger bildet sekund etter lyden. For min del var dette kr rett i dass.

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Fungerer bra. Min nye pc med wind. Hilsen Rolf [ Virket over all forventning. Bilde fungerer men lyden henger ca 3 sek etter. Styr unna [ Var noe skeptisk til denne Vooni Video Grabber. Jeg satte i et 32 Gb minnekort I Vooni. Dette fungerte helt feilfritt og med godt resultat. Bra bildekvalitet. Mvh Jan D [ Anbefalt produkt. Vooni Video Grabber anbefales. Produktet anbefales derfor ikke fra min side. Bra veiledning og bruksanvisning. Noe grumsete og uklare farger innimellom.

Bra og kunne se filmen under kopieringen. Kabelen med Jack inn til videokameraet var nemlig defekt! Avspillings filen er i AVI format. I would like encryption. Is this even possible? Both are all-around decent drives and will do fine for any backup, pictures included. As for cross-platform encryption, if you intend to use the same drive on both Mac and Windows, the best option would be using a cross-platform compatible encryption tool, like VeraCrypt , while formatting the drive in exFAT to avoid compatibility issues.

VeraCrypt is well-renowned, so it should function well without any problems, just be prepared to learn how to use the tool. Try testing this setup with just a couple files before you perform entire backups. Exclusive reviews and gaming guides. How To Use Google Hangouts: Free Carfax Report: How To Use Google Wallet: