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Sealing and Packing Pipe joints shall comply with all relevant provisions of European and German Standards. All lifting holes and grouting holes shall be sealed with a 1: Monitoring and Instrumentation The Contractor shall survey, monitor and record all jacking work as it proceeds so as to form a complete record of the work which shall include records of jacking loads, line and level measurements, the distance moved and the relationship between them. Copies of all records shall be supplied to the Engineer at agreed intervals.
Tolerances Pipe jacking shall be carried out to the following tolerances: Disposal of Spoil The Contractor shall dispose of spoil in accordance with the requirements of Section 1 Earthworks. Connection with Manholes and Chambers Jacking pipes shall be cut back such that the ends of pipes will be embedded in the wall of the manhole 50 mm beyond the inner face. The manholes shall be constructed either from in-situ cast concrete or pre-fabricated.
Where pre-cast manholes are built, all pre-cast concrete sections shall comply with the requirements of DIN Sewers shall have a spacing of the manholes not exceeding approx. If two or more sewers enter the manhole, the diameter shall be sufficient to accommodate adequate benching. The manhole covers shall be class D in walkways or D in the streets.
The maximum spacing shall not exceed 25 cm. Testing of the Manholes shall comply with EN No infiltration flow shall be admissible. They shall be obtained from an approved manufacturer or manufactured on Site in an approved block making machine. The blocks on removal from the machine shall be carefully deposited on edge on racks under sheds erected by the Contractor and left for 3 days during which period they shall be kept constantly wet after which they shall be placed on edge in the open on racks and protected by sacking or other approved covering and kept wet for a further 5 days.
Thereafter, the blocks shall be left in the same position without wetting for a further 20 days. No blocks will be allowed to be used in the work until they are 28 days old and until samples have been taken and approved by the Engineer. Block sizes shall be subject to design requirements, but with a minimum thickness of mm for external walls and mm for internal partition walls. Faces of blocks shall be mm by mm metric co-ordinated or other blockwork co-ordinate sizing approved by the Employer's Representative.
Pre-cast concrete blocks shall be solid with a minimum compressive strength of Where concrete blocks are cast on Site, they shall be made in approved concrete block making machines. All casing shall be carried out with the block making machines under cover. The concrete shall be put into the machine moulds in thin layers and properly tamped. On removal from the machine, the blocks shall be carefully cured. After placement on racks under sheds, the blocks shall be kept wet for three days. Curing shall be continued for a further five days with the blocks being kept on racks in the open under mat covers and kept wet.
Further curing shall take place by leaving the blocks under mat covers for a further seven days without wetting. If the Contractor wishes to use steam-cured concrete blocks, he shall request the approval of the Employer's Representative to the methods of curing proposed. Blocks shall be carefully packed for transport and unloaded and stacked on delivery by hand or other approved means so as to avoid damage to surfaces. Blockwork shall be constructed using cement sand mortar and joints shall not be less than 6 mm thick nor more than 10 mm thick at their narrowest part.
Where appropriate, the courses shall be laid level or parallel to the axis of the work and with parallel neat and regular joints. Vertical joints shall be kept true and in perpendicular alignment as appropriate. Immediately before being laid, the blocks shall be thoroughly soaked in clean water, and before continuing partly completed work the exposed bed joint shall be likewise soaked. The courses shall be built up uniformly and no portion of the wall during laying shall rise more than one meter above any other portion of the wall.
No bats or broken blocks shall be allowed except where necessary for closures. The joints shall generally be not more than 6 mm in the beds and 10 mm at the ends or such other dimensions as may be agreed by the Employer's Representative. All joints shall be completely filled flush with mortar. All blockwork shall be protected during erection from the effects of rain, frost or snow by suitable covering. Curing finished work shall be as specified for concrete. The Employer's Representative may order that all block laying should be suspended during frosty weather. The mortar shall be measured in specially prepared gauge boxes and thoroughly mixed in an approved mechanical mixer or mixed dry on clean and approved mixing platforms, with water added afterwards until all parts are completely incorporated and brought to a proper consistency.
The use of re-tempering of wholly or partially set mortar will not be allowed. Mortar shall be mixed until the colour and consistency are uniform and shall be mixed only as and when required. Mortar shall fulfil the requirements of concrete class B Mortar Plasticizers shall be used only with the approval of the Engineer. Plasticizers shall be used strictly in accordance with the recommendation of the manufacturer.
All sand for making mortar shall be cleaned well, graded siliceous sand of good, sharp, hard quality equal to samples which shall be deposited with the Engineer for prior approval before use for the Works.
The sand shall be free from lumps of stone, earth, loam, dust, salt, organic matter and any other deleterious substance, and shall be sieved through a fine sieve and washed as necessary or when directed by the Engineer. Quick lime shall be run to putty in a pit dug on the Site or in an approved container immediately after delivery to Site. The water to be first run into the pit or container and the lime shall be added until it is completely submerged and stirred until all lumps are disintegrated.
The resulting milk-lime shall then be run through a 3 mm square-mesh sieve and run into a pit or other container and kept clean and moist for not less than 4 weeks before use. Hydrated lime shall be added to water in a clean receptacle thoroughly mixed to the consistency of thick cream. The lime shall then be allowed to stand and kept clean and moist for not less than 16 hours before use.
General Chemical resistant mortar shall be used in corrosive environment for internal pointing of blockwork in underground structures and for internal rendering of concrete surfaces including concrete blockwork, or where the installation of plastic lining is impractical. Chemical resistant mortar shall be of a type and make approved by the Employer's Representative. The following sub-clauses cover the requirements for chemical-resistant resin mortars for bedding, jointing or pointing bricks, concrete blocks or tiles, to be used as a corrosion-resistant lining in sewers, manholes, chambers and related structures.
The mortar may have to be applied and cured in damp or wet conditions. Mortar required for pointing may have to be applied by gun, through a small diameter nozzle reaching to the bottom of the pointing groove. Information to be Submitted by the Contractor Where the Contractor wishes to submit results of tests previously carried out on materials for chemical resistant mortar, those results shall be submitted with certificates from the independent testing laboratories used.
The Contractor shall arrange to have samples of chemical resistant resin mortar tested by a laboratory approved by the Employer's Representative and suitability for the purpose of compliance with this Specification shall be established to the satisfaction of the Employer's Representative before any such product is used in the Works.
Further samples shall be taken during the period of application at the rate of one sample for every 1, kg of mortar delivered for use and tested by any or all of the procedures necessary to establish compliance with this Specification, as required by the Employer's Representative. If any sample fails to comply, application shall cease until suitability and compliance with the Specification has been re- established to the satisfaction of the Employer's Representative.
Any samples of chemical-resistant resin mortars submitted by the Contractor for the approval of the Employer's Representative shall be accompanied by a complete set of the literature issued by the manufacturer describing their product. In addition to the manufacturer's standard data sheets, details of other installations where the mortar has been used, and any references as to its suitability should be included. Material and Properties Description The chemical resistant mortar shall be an intimate mixture of liquid resinous material and a setting agent and may contain appropriately selected filler materials.
When mixed, these components shall form a mortar with a workability suitable for the proposed method of application that subsequently hardens. The liquid resin shall be any solvent-free resinous material capable of forming a chemical resistant mortar when mixed with a suitable catalyst and if required, a filler material. The filler material, if used, shall be compatible with the liquid resin, of the chemical resistance required and of a size that will permit the preparation of a minimum joint thickness of 3.
The mixed mortar shall not adversely affect or be affected by other construction materials with which it will properly come into contact, including fixtures and fittings. The colours of individual components of the mortar shall be sufficiently different from each other so that complete homogeneous mixing of the components will be apparent by visual inspection.
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The colour of the completely mixed chemical resistant resin mortar shall be appreciably different from that of the bricks and tiles to be pointed. The pot life of the mortar shall be considered exceeded when the mortar can no longer be applied to a prepared surface without curling behind the trowel according to DIN. If it is proposed, subject to the approval of the Employer's Representative, to apply the mortar by some other method e.
Mortar applied at any time during the pot life shall have the specified properties when cured. This bond strength shall be achieved regardless of whether the mortar is applied to a dry, a damp or wet surface without priming or other form of surface preparation. The bond strength shall be tested and measured in accordance with ASTM C using samples of the actual construction materials.
The cured mortar shall be capable of resisting attack by any constituents that may normally or occasionally be present in the wastewater, or which may form within the system by a combination of physical, chemical and biological reactions. The maximum changes in weight, compressive strength and bond strength shall be measured after 7, 28, 56 and 84 days. The results of the tests, for petrol and each acid concentration and temperature shall be plotted on a graph, against time elapsed and submitted for approval by the Employer's Representative.
While discoloration and loss of gloss on the surface of these tested specimens is acceptable, there shall be no surface cracks, etching, pitting or softening of the exposed surface. If the test solution becomes discoloured during the test, the test shall be continued with fresh solution and there shall be no further discoloration. The mortar shall have a shrinkage not exceeding 0. The cured mortar shall have an absorption not exceeding 3.
The cured chemical-resistant resin mortar shall have properties of shrinkage and thermal expansion such as to be able to withstand those tests prescribed in ASTM C Testing Requirements for testing of the chemical resistant resin mortar are described in the previous sub-clause. For convenience, those tests are summarised below, giving the relevant ASTM standards, in accordance to which the tests have to be carried out. For resistance to chemicals: Testing shall be carried out subsequently at the rate of one set of tests per 1, kg of mortar delivered to Site.
Storage and Application The individual components of the chemical resistant resin mortar shall be supplied in pre-measured quantities and packaged by the manufacturer in units sized to suit the method of application. Under no circumstances shall these quantities be divided to mix smaller batches.
All packages shall be clearly marked as to size, contents, mixing instructions, safety precautions, storage requirements and date of expiration of the contents. The manufacturer's recommendations for storage of the individual components of the mortar shall be followed. In all cases, storage shall be in a dry, cool place with containers tightly sealed and away from open flame. Components that have exceeded their shelf life or have become wet shall no be used.
The manufacturer's recommendations for the safe use of the mortar shall be followed. Workers shall wear gloves when handling the product. In the mixing and working areas there shall be no open flame and adequate ventilation shall be provided. Mixing of the mortar shall be in strict accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
Mixing shall be thorough and complete such that the mortar is a homogeneous colour and free from lumps and air bubbles.
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In no case shall unspecified materials such as sand, cement or water be added to the mix. In no case shall mixed mortar that has become unworkable be retempered with resin liquid or by any other means. Once mortar has become unworkable, it shall be discarded. The manufacturer's recommendations for surface preparation and for application and spreading of the mortar shall be followed. The joints shall be completely raked out to a depth of 25 mm.
The surfaces to which the mortar is applied shall be free from dirt, debris, grease, oil and other materials that would prevent the formation of a sound bond.
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Where surfaces are damp or wet, such special measures as are recommended by the manufacturer for these conditions shall be adopted. The joints shall be carefully inspected by the Contractor prior to mortar application. A smooth, even surface shall be achieved, flush with the surface of the blocks or tiles. The manufacturer's recommendations for curing the mortar shall be followed.
Special consideration shall be given to curing in damp or wet conditions. Material excavated out of the road bed which is suitable for use in fill, shall be used for filling as far as this is practicable. All material shall be placed, spread evenly and compacted; spreading shall be undertaken concurrently with placing. The material shall be spread in one or more layers so that after compaction the total thickness is as required. Where compacting plant is of insufficient capacity, the sub-base shall be laid in two or more layers. During the construction period the sub-base shall be maintained in such a condition that it will be drained at all times.
The outflow shall be diverted away from the construction at all times. The outflow shall be diverted away from the construction in order to prevent erosion. The sub-grade shall be kept drained. All damage caused by water where the sub-grade cannot be compacted to the required density, shall be removed and repaired. Sub-grade shall be cleaned of all foreign matter, pot-holes, loose material, ruts, corrugations, depressions or any other defect. The Contractor shall rectify, scarify, water, grade and re-compact the sub-grade to the level at his own expense and all to the satisfaction of the engineer.
No surfacing shall be done until the sub-grade has been inspected and approved by the Engineer. The number of passes to be made will be determined having regard to the characteristics of the plant to be employed and the material to be used. If necessary, test specimens shall be taken to determine the optimum method of compaction. The surface of any layer of material shall, on completion of compaction, be well closed, free from movement under compaction plant and free from compaction planes.
All loose, segregated or otherwise defective areas shall be made good to the thickness of the layer and re-compacted. The maximum compacted thickness of any layer shall be 25 cm. The sub-grade layers shall be compacted from slope stake to slope stake at the optimum moisture content.
The layer shall be scarified and water shall be mixed in or the material allowed to dry out to the correct moisture content. The layer shall then be compacted. The final surface shall be graded to level. Where shown on the drawings or directed by the Engineer, the formation shall be completed without the addition of any wearing course, sub-base, base or shoulders. The Contractor shall finish the sub-grade by grading watering and compacting with four passes of a 12 Mg smooth-wheeled roller.
Irregularities shall not be allowed over 12 mm when measured from a 3 meter long straight board. Base coarse is the top surfacing coarse which supports traffic and it is the coarse immediately below the surface dressing. The minimum thickness shall be mm after proper compaction. The selected gravel or crushed stone base shall be minimum mm or as required by the existing ground conditions. If the thickness of the base course is required to be more than mm, the material will be then laid and processed in two or more layers.
The materials to be used shall be from a source proposed by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer. It shall be non plastic. The maximum size shall not exceed 60 mm. The materials shall consist of sand gravel mixture or sand and crushed stone. The base material shall be a well graded material complying with the following requirements: Compaction shall take place by watering and rolling until there is no longer any visible movements of the compacted stone material and a stone of the base material when thrown under the roller shall become crushed.
A finishing layer of sand shall be rolled in to fill the surface voids. The cement stabilised selected gravel base shall be minimum mm or as required by the existing ground conditions. If the conditions on site allows it and the Engineer approves, the cement stabilised gravel base may be constructed on site by using rotary tillers and water bowsers to obtain a well mixed base. The compaction requirement remains unchanged, i.
The material shall be placed and spread evenly, spreading shall be undertaken concurrently with placing. Road base material shall preferably be spread in one layer using a paying machine or similar approved. The material shall be spread so that after compaction the total thickness is as required. The Contractor shall organise the work in such a way that longitudinal joints against hardened material are avoided as far as possible.
If this is not possible then before work proceeds against a longitudinal joint of hardened material, the edge compacted previously shall, if it has been exposed for more than an hour, be cut back vertically to produce a face equivalent to the specified thickness of the layer of properly compacted material. Compaction equipment shall not bear directly on hardened or partially hardened material previously laid other than what is necessary for achieving the specified compaction of the joint. Special care shall be taken to obtain full compaction in the vicinity of both longitudinal and transverse joints, and the Contractor shall use special small compactors in addition if necessary or instructed by the Engineer.
Any loose or poorly compacted material in the vicinity of construction joints shall be removed and replaced with fresh material. The surface of any layer of material shall on completion of compaction be well closed, free from movement under compaction plant and free from compaction planes, ridges, cracks or loose material. All loose, segregated or otherwise defective areas shall be made good to the full thickness of the layer and re-compacted.
If this cannot be done within 2 hours of mixing, the making good shall comprise the material being broken out to the full thickness of the layer, removed and replaced with freshly mixed material compacted to Specification. The base shall, immediately on completion or completion, be cured for a period of at least 7 days, unless otherwise approved by the Engineer. Curing shall be achieved either by covering with approved impermeable plastic sheeting adequately secured from being blown off the surface with joints overlapped at least mm and set to prevent egress of moisture or in accordance with Clauses in the Specification dealing with concrete or by spraying with an approved curing compound.
Notwithstanding the above the Contractor shall construct the road base in accordance with the requirements and specification of the relevant Authority or Municipality. The Specification included herein shall be adopted only in the absence of any particular requirements from these authorities.
The surface shall be maintained by the Contractor until the Certificate of Completion is issued. Material and Construction a A bituminous tack coat shall be applied on the cleaned drained and levelled base coarse. Exact amount to be ordered by the Engineer. The surface course shall be constructed in two courses to depth established by the Engineer and each course shall be rolled finished and approved before placement of the next course.
The aggregate fractions shall be sized uniformly graded and combined in such proportions that the resulting mixture meets the grading requirements of the job mix formula. The gradations of the materials shall produce a relatively smooth curve when plotted in a semi-logarithmic gradation chart. When filler is necessary, it shall consist of stone dust, Portland cement or other approved materials. The asphalt cement will be grades. The accepted job mix formula shall then not be changed. The final gradations shall not vary from the low limit to one sieve to the high limit on the adjacent sieves or vice versa.
The selection of any gradation shall be such that the maximum size aggregate used shall not be more than one half of the thickness of the layer of the surface course being constructed h The bituminous content of the mixture shall be calculated on the percentage basis by weight of the total mix. The mineral aggregate and asphalt shall be combined to meet the following gradations.
When introduced into the mixture the combined aggregate shall not contain more than 0. Water in the aggregate shall be removed by heating to the extent that there is no subsequent forming in the mixture. The maximum temperature and rate of heating shall be such that no permanent damage occurs to the aggregates. Particular care shall be taken that aggregates high in calcium or magnesium content are not damaged by heating.
The aggregates shall be screened to specified sizes and conveyed into separate bins ready for mixing with bituminous material. The quantity of each aggregate shall be measured and conveyed into the mixer. The aggregates shall be mixed with the bituminous material at the central mixing plant. The mixture shall be prepared at the temperature specified. The Engineer may accept lower temperatures. The temperatures shall be maintained throughout the spreading operation. The mixture shall be laid only upon cleaned dry and approved underlying course. It shall be struck off in a uniform layer such that when the work is completed will have the required thickness.
The speed of the roller shall at all times be slow to avoid displacement of the hot mixture. Any displacement occurring as a result of reversing the direction of the roller or from any cause shall be corrected at once by rakes and fresh mixture. Asphalt Overlay Pavements The asphalt overlay pavements comprise: The asphalt concrete course shall be the coarser and the wearing course of the finest grading.
Hot-Mix Asphalt Bituminous The bituminous mixture for the surface courses shall conform to the requirements of locally produced mixtures. The composition of the mixtures is generally as follows: Bituminous mixtures shall be, as far as practicable, obtained from an approved local mixing plant. Contact details of local producers sub-contractors will be given by the Engineer.
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No bituminous mixture shall be manufactured until a job-mix formula has been submitted by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer in writing. The formula shall indicate the exact percentage of each sieve fraction and the exact percentage of asphalt to be used in the mixtures, including the mix temperature.
The job-mix formula shall be within the master range as specified and shall be in effect until modified in writing by the Engineer. Weather Limitations Bituminous courses shall be constructed only when the base is dry and when the weather is not rainy. Preparation Immediately before applying a bituminous pavement, the surface of the base course shall be thoroughly cleaned of all loose or foreign material. The base layer shall be coated with a tack-coat of the liquid asphalt rapid curing type.
The tack-coat composition shall be approved by the Engineer's before starting the works. The tack-coat shall be applied just sufficiently in advance of the placement of the asphalt concrete mixture so as to provide a thin adhesive film of bituminous cement to ensure a good bond. The tack-coat shall be uniformly applied by means of a pressure hand spray, in quantities of not less than 0.
Stakes for alignment control shall be furnished, set and maintained by the Contractor, subject to checking and correction by the Engineer, in order that the Works shall conform to the lines shown on the drawings. The stakes shall be set in lines parallel with the centre line of the area to be paved, offset and spaced as directed by the Engineer. Transportation All bituminous mixtures shall be transported from the mixing plant to the spreader in trucks having tight, clean, smooth beds which have been oiled with a minimum amount of approved thin oil to prevent adhesion of the mixtures to the trucks.
Each load shall be covered with canvas, or other suitable material, to protect it from dust or rain, and to prevent the loss of heat. Deliveries shall be arranged so that spreading and rolling of all the mixtures prepared for a day's run can be completed during daylight, unless artificial light satisfactory to the Engineer is provided. Any loads excessively wet by rain will be rejected. Hauling over freshly laid material will not be permitted. Placing The asphalt pavement shall be constructed in accordance with the thickness as present prior to removal and excavation work or as shown on the drawings with a minimum as specified.
The spreader shall be adjusted and the speed regulated, so that the surface of the ill be smooth and of such depth that, when compacted, it will conform to the cross section shown on the drawings. The length of any lane laid before placing the adjacent lane shall be as directed by the Engineer. Where two spreading machines are operating in staggered position, no single lane shall be laid in advance of the adjoining lane further than will permit a satisfactory hot longitudinal joint between the lanes.
Where forming a hot longitudinal joint, the mm strip along the edge against which additional material is to be laid shall not be rolled until such additional material is placed, except when the work is to be discontinued. After the first lane has been placed and rolled, the adjacent lane shall be placed while the unrolled mm strip is hot and in readily compactable condition. Rolling of the adjacent lane shall begin along the joint. Placing of the mixture shall be as continuous as possible. In areas where the use of machine spreading is impractical, the mixture may be spread by hand and dressed with rakes.
The loads shall not be dumped any faster than can be properly handled by the shovellers and rakers. Contact surfaces of previously constructed pavement kerbs, manholes and similar structures shall be painted with a thin tack-coat prior to placing the bituminous mixture. Compaction of Mixtures Compaction shall be effected by three-wheel rollers and tandem rollers. Rolling of the mixture shall begin as soon as after placing as the mixture will bear the roller without undue displacement. Delays in rolling freshly spread mixtures will not be permitted.
Initial rolling shall be effected by tandem rollers, followed immediately by the three-wheel rollers. Rolling shall start at the extreme sides of the lanes and proceed toward the centre of the pavement overlapping on successive strips by at least one-half the width of the rear wheel of the three-wheel roller. On the super-elevated curves, rolling shall begin at the low side and progress toward the high side. Alternative trips of the roller shall be slightly different lengths.
Tests for conformity with the smoothness will be made immediately after initial compaction, any deviations in excess of the specified tolerances shall be corrected by loosening the hot surface with rakes and removing or adding material as directed before continuing the rolling. During rolling, the wheels of the rollers shall be moistened to prevent adhesion of the mixture to the wheels, but an excess of water will not be permitted.
The Contractor shall furnish additional and sufficient rollers if it is found that the pavement density specified is not obtained. Skin patching of an area that has been rolled will not be permitted. Any mixture that becomes mixed with foreign material, or is in any way defective, shall be removed, replaced with fresh mixture and compacted.
The rollers shall not be permitted to stand on pavement, which has not been fully compacted. Necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent the dropping of oil, grease, petrol, or other foreign matter on the pavement, either when the rollers are in operation or standing. The Contractor shall provide competent workmen who are capable of performing all work incidental to the correction of all pavement irregularities. The finished surface shall not vary more than 3 mm when tested with a 3.
After completion of the final rolling, the smoothness of the course will be checked, and any irregularities that exceed the tolerance or that retain water on the surface shall be corrected by removing the defective area and replacing with new pavement without additional payment. The completed bituminous pavement will be tested for thickness at such intervals as directed by the Engineer.
Where the thickness proves to be more than 5 mm smaller than the specified pavement thickness, the deficient pavement shall be removed and replaced with satisfactory pavement with no additional payment. All joints shall present the same texture, density and smoothness as other areas of the course. The joints between old and new lanes, or sections, shall be carefully made in such manner as to ensure a continuous bond between the old and new pavement.
All trimmed contact surfaces of previously constructed pavement shall be painted with a thin, uniform tack coat before the fresh mixture is placed. When the edges of joints are irregular, honeycombed, or poorly compacted, all unsatisfactory sections of joint shall be trimmed to expose an even, vertical, or sharply sloping surface for the full thickness of the course. Fresh mixture shall be raked uniformly against the joint, followed by rolling.
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